Cognitive behavior therapy evolved from two lines of clinical and research
activity. First, it derives from the work of the early cognitive therapists (Albert
Ellis and Aaron Beck); second, it was strongly influenced by the careful
empirical work of the early behaviorists.
Within the domain of behaviorism, cognitive processes were not always
seen as a legitimate focus of attention. In behavior therapy, there has always
been a strong commitment to an applied science of clinical treatment. In
the behavior therapy of the 1950’s and 1960’s, this emphasis on scientific
methods and procedures meant that behavior therapists focused on events
that were directly observable and measurable. Within this framework, behavior
was seen as a function of external stimuli which determined or were
reliably associated with observable responses. Also during this period, there
was a deliberate avoidance of such “nebulous” concepts as thoughts, cogni
tions, or images. It was believed that these processes were by their very nature
vague, and one could never be confident that one was reliably observing
or measuring these processes.
By following scientific principles, researchers developed major new treatment
approaches which in many ways revolutionized clinical practice (among
them are systematic desensitization and the use of a token economy). During
the 1960’s, however, several developments within behavior therapy had emphasized
the limitations of a strict conditioning model to understanding human
behavior.
In 1969, psychologist Albert Bandura published his influential volume
tions, or images. It was believed that these processes were by their very nature
vague, and one could never be confident that one was reliably observing
or measuring these processes.
By following scientific principles, researchers developed major new treatment
approaches which in many ways revolutionized clinical practice (among
them are systematic desensitization and the use of a token economy). During
the 1960’s, however, several developments within behavior therapy had emphasized
the limitations of a strict conditioning model to understanding human
behavior.
In 1969, psychologist Albert Bandura published his influential volume
Principles of Behavior Modification. In this book, Bandura emphasized the role
of internal or cognitive factors in the causation and maintenance of behavior.
Following from the dissatisfaction of the radical behavioral approaches
to understanding complex human behavior and the publication of Bandura’s
1969 volume, behavior therapists began actively to seek and study the
role of cognitive processes in human behavior.
. In this book, Bandura emphasized the role
of internal or cognitive factors in the causation and maintenance of behavior.
Following from the dissatisfaction of the radical behavioral approaches
to understanding complex human behavior and the publication of Bandura’s
1969 volume, behavior therapists began actively to seek and study the
role of cognitive processes in human behavior.
Sources for Further Study
D’Zurilla, Thomas J., and Arthur M. Nezu. “Social Problem-Solving in
Adults.” In Advances in Cognitive-Behavioral Research and Therapy, edited by
Philip C. Kendall. Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press, 1982. An excellent
summary of problem-solving therapy. As indicated by its title, the Kendall
book in which this article appears also contains other informative articles
dealing with cognitive behavior therapy.
Goldfried, Marvin R. “The Use of Relaxation and Cognitive Relabeling as
Coping Skills.” In Behavioral Self-Management: Strategies, Techniques, and
Outcomes, edited by Richard B. Stuart. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1977. A
description of systematic rational restructuring by Marvin Goldfried, who
developed the technique; reveals its similarities to and differences from
rational-emotive therapy.
Maultsby, Maxie C., Jr. Rational Behavior Therapy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1984. An excellent summary of rational behavior therapy,
as developed by Maultsby; discusses self-talk and its emotional and behavioral
consequences.
Meichenbaum, Donald. Cognitive Behavior Modification. New York: Plenum
Press, 1979. A well-written introduction to Meichenbaum’s approaches,
with clear examples of the applications of self-instructional training to
impulsive children and schizophrenic patients.
_________. Stress Inoculation Training. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985. This
short training manual presents a clear, useful overview of stress inoculation
training, along with a detailed account of the empirical research
completed in testing the approach.
Advances in Cognitive-Behavioral Research and Therapy, edited by
Philip C. Kendall. Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press, 1982. An excellent
summary of problem-solving therapy. As indicated by its title, the Kendall
book in which this article appears also contains other informative articles
dealing with cognitive behavior therapy.
Goldfried, Marvin R. “The Use of Relaxation and Cognitive Relabeling as
Coping Skills.” In Behavioral Self-Management: Strategies, Techniques, and
Outcomes, edited by Richard B. Stuart. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1977. A
description of systematic rational restructuring by Marvin Goldfried, who
developed the technique; reveals its similarities to and differences from
rational-emotive therapy.
Maultsby, Maxie C., Jr. Rational Behavior Therapy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1984. An excellent summary of rational behavior therapy,
as developed by Maultsby; discusses self-talk and its emotional and behavioral
consequences.
Meichenbaum, Donald. Cognitive Behavior Modification. New York: Plenum
Press, 1979. A well-written introduction to Meichenbaum’s approaches,
with clear examples of the applications of self-instructional training to
impulsive children and schizophrenic patients.
_________. Stress Inoculation Training. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985. This
short training manual presents a clear, useful overview of stress inoculation
training, along with a detailed account of the empirical research
completed in testing the approach.
Behavioral Self-Management: Strategies, Techniques, and
Outcomes, edited by Richard B. Stuart. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1977. A
description of systematic rational restructuring by Marvin Goldfried, who
developed the technique; reveals its similarities to and differences from
rational-emotive therapy.
Maultsby, Maxie C., Jr. Rational Behavior Therapy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1984. An excellent summary of rational behavior therapy,
as developed by Maultsby; discusses self-talk and its emotional and behavioral
consequences.
Meichenbaum, Donald. Cognitive Behavior Modification. New York: Plenum
Press, 1979. A well-written introduction to Meichenbaum’s approaches,
with clear examples of the applications of self-instructional training to
impulsive children and schizophrenic patients.
_________. Stress Inoculation Training. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985. This
short training manual presents a clear, useful overview of stress inoculation
training, along with a detailed account of the empirical research
completed in testing the approach.
, edited by Richard B. Stuart. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1977. A
description of systematic rational restructuring by Marvin Goldfried, who
developed the technique; reveals its similarities to and differences from
rational-emotive therapy.
Maultsby, Maxie C., Jr. Rational Behavior Therapy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1984. An excellent summary of rational behavior therapy,
as developed by Maultsby; discusses self-talk and its emotional and behavioral
consequences.
Meichenbaum, Donald. Cognitive Behavior Modification. New York: Plenum
Press, 1979. A well-written introduction to Meichenbaum’s approaches,
with clear examples of the applications of self-instructional training to
impulsive children and schizophrenic patients.
_________. Stress Inoculation Training. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985. This
short training manual presents a clear, useful overview of stress inoculation
training, along with a detailed account of the empirical research
completed in testing the approach.
Rational Behavior Therapy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1984. An excellent summary of rational behavior therapy,
as developed by Maultsby; discusses self-talk and its emotional and behavioral
consequences.
Meichenbaum, Donald. Cognitive Behavior Modification. New York: Plenum
Press, 1979. A well-written introduction to Meichenbaum’s approaches,
with clear examples of the applications of self-instructional training to
impulsive children and schizophrenic patients.
_________. Stress Inoculation Training. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985. This
short training manual presents a clear, useful overview of stress inoculation
training, along with a detailed account of the empirical research
completed in testing the approach.
Cognitive Behavior Modification. New York: Plenum
Press, 1979. A well-written introduction to Meichenbaum’s approaches,
with clear examples of the applications of self-instructional training to
impulsive children and schizophrenic patients.
_________. Stress Inoculation Training. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985. This
short training manual presents a clear, useful overview of stress inoculation
training, along with a detailed account of the empirical research
completed in testing the approach.
Stress Inoculation Training. New York: Pergamon Press, 1985. This
short training manual presents a clear, useful overview of stress inoculation
training, along with a detailed account of the empirical research
completed in testing the approach.
Donald G. Beal
See also: Cognitive Social Learning: Walter Mischel; Cognitive Therapy.
Cognitive Social Learning: Walter Mischel; Cognitive Therapy.
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