It is widely reported that autistic children, as defined by Kanner in the
1940’s, were at first perceived as victims of an affective disorder brought on
by their emotionally cold, very intellectual, and compulsive parents. The
personality traits of these parents, it was theorized, encouraged such children
to withdraw from social contact with them, and then with all other people.
In the years that have followed, additional data—as well as conceptual
changes in medicine and psychology—have led to the belief that autism,
which may actually be a constellation of disorders that exhibit similar symptoms,
has a biological basis that may reside in subtle brain and hormone abnormalities.
These concepts have been investigated and are leading to definitive
changes in the therapy used to treat individual autistic children.
Although no general treatment or unifying concept of autism has developed,
promising leads include modalities that utilize drugs which alter levels
of serotonin and other neurotransmitters, as well as examination of patients
by nuclear magnetic resonance and other techniques useful for
studying the brain and the nervous system.
The evolution of educational methodology aimed at helping individuals
with autism has also been useful, aided by legislation aimed at bringing severely
developmentally disabled children into the mainstream. Some cities
and states have developed widespread programs for educating autistic peo
ple of all ages. Instrumental here has been the development of the National
Society for Autistic Children, which has focused some of its efforts on dealing
with autistic adolescents and adults.
Combined therapy, biological intervention, and educational techniques
have helped autistic persons and their families to cope, have decreased behavior
problems in autists, have enhanced the scholastic function of a number
of these people, and have produced hope for autistic adults, once nearly
all institutionalized.
Sources for Further Study
Herin, L. Juane, and Richard L. Simpson. “Interventions for Children and
Youth with Autism: Prudent Choices in a World of Exaggerated Claims
and Empty Promises. Part I: Intervention and Treatment Option Review.”
Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 13 (1998): 194-211.
Covers the specific interventions from the psychodynamic, biological,
and behavioral categories and gives an overview of the research support
for each.
Kalat, James W. Biological Psychology. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004. A basic text that explains the role of physiological factors
in behavior.
Kaye, James A., Maria del Mar Melero-Montes, and Hershel Jick. “Mumps,
Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by
General Practitioners: A Time-Trend Analysis.” British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
13 (1998): 194-211.
Covers the specific interventions from the psychodynamic, biological,
and behavioral categories and gives an overview of the research support
for each.
Kalat, James W. Biological Psychology. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004. A basic text that explains the role of physiological factors
in behavior.
Kaye, James A., Maria del Mar Melero-Montes, and Hershel Jick. “Mumps,
Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by
General Practitioners: A Time-Trend Analysis.” British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Biological Psychology. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004. A basic text that explains the role of physiological factors
in behavior.
Kaye, James A., Maria del Mar Melero-Montes, and Hershel Jick. “Mumps,
Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by
General Practitioners: A Time-Trend Analysis.” British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Austin, Tex.: Pro-Ed, 1996. Edited by the mother of two children
who were diagnosed with autism and successfully treated with behavior
therapy, it provides clear guidance for parents embarking on a search for
effective treatment methods for their children and the professionals who
are helping them. Included is information on the effectiveness of various
treatments, funding behavior therapy, working with educators and other
professionals, and what is involved in behavior therapy.
Murray, John B. “Psychophysiological Aspects of Autistic Disorders: Over
Sources for Further Study
Sources for Further Study
Herin, L. Juane, and Richard L. Simpson. “Interventions for Children and
Youth with Autism: Prudent Choices in a World of Exaggerated Claims
and Empty Promises. Part I: Intervention and Treatment Option Review.”
Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 13 (1998): 194-211.
Covers the specific interventions from the psychodynamic, biological,
and behavioral categories and gives an overview of the research support
for each.
Kalat, James W. Biological Psychology. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004. A basic text that explains the role of physiological factors
in behavior.
Kaye, James A., Maria del Mar Melero-Montes, and Hershel Jick. “Mumps,
Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by
General Practitioners: A Time-Trend Analysis.” British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
13 (1998): 194-211.
Covers the specific interventions from the psychodynamic, biological,
and behavioral categories and gives an overview of the research support
for each.
Kalat, James W. Biological Psychology. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004. A basic text that explains the role of physiological factors
in behavior.
Kaye, James A., Maria del Mar Melero-Montes, and Hershel Jick. “Mumps,
Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by
General Practitioners: A Time-Trend Analysis.” British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Biological Psychology. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004. A basic text that explains the role of physiological factors
in behavior.
Kaye, James A., Maria del Mar Melero-Montes, and Hershel Jick. “Mumps,
Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by
General Practitioners: A Time-Trend Analysis.” British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Austin, Tex.: Pro-Ed, 1996. Edited by the mother of two children
who were diagnosed with autism and successfully treated with behavior
therapy, it provides clear guidance for parents embarking on a search for
effective treatment methods for their children and the professionals who
are helping them. Included is information on the effectiveness of various
treatments, funding behavior therapy, working with educators and other
professionals, and what is involved in behavior therapy.
Murray, John B. “Psychophysiological Aspects of Autistic Disorders: Over
Sources for Further Study
Sources for Further Study
Herin, L. Juane, and Richard L. Simpson. “Interventions for Children and
Youth with Autism: Prudent Choices in a World of Exaggerated Claims
and Empty Promises. Part I: Intervention and Treatment Option Review.”
Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 13 (1998): 194-211.
Covers the specific interventions from the psychodynamic, biological,
and behavioral categories and gives an overview of the research support
for each.
Kalat, James W. Biological Psychology. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004. A basic text that explains the role of physiological factors
in behavior.
Kaye, James A., Maria del Mar Melero-Montes, and Hershel Jick. “Mumps,
Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by
General Practitioners: A Time-Trend Analysis.” British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
13 (1998): 194-211.
Covers the specific interventions from the psychodynamic, biological,
and behavioral categories and gives an overview of the research support
for each.
Kalat, James W. Biological Psychology. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004. A basic text that explains the role of physiological factors
in behavior.
Kaye, James A., Maria del Mar Melero-Montes, and Hershel Jick. “Mumps,
Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by
General Practitioners: A Time-Trend Analysis.” British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Biological Psychology. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004. A basic text that explains the role of physiological factors
in behavior.
Kaye, James A., Maria del Mar Melero-Montes, and Hershel Jick. “Mumps,
Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by
General Practitioners: A Time-Trend Analysis.” British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Austin, Tex.: Pro-Ed, 1996. Edited by the mother of two children
who were diagnosed with autism and successfully treated with behavior
therapy, it provides clear guidance for parents embarking on a search for
effective treatment methods for their children and the professionals who
are helping them. Included is information on the effectiveness of various
treatments, funding behavior therapy, working with educators and other
professionals, and what is involved in behavior therapy.
Murray, John B. “Psychophysiological Aspects of Autistic Disorders: Over
view.” Journal of Psychology 130 (1996): 145-158. Covers the symptoms and
potential causes of autism.
Sundberg, Mark L., and James W. Partington. Teaching Language to Children
with Autism or Other Developmental Disabilities. Pleasant Hill, Calif.: Behavior
Analysts, 1998. Gives technical guidelines on applied behavior analysis
techniques used to teach the different components of language in a
skill-based intervention.
Van Bourgondien, Mary E., Gary B. Mesibov, and Geraldine Dawson. “Pervasive
Developmental Disorders: Autism.” In The Practical Assessment and
Management of Children with Disorders of Development and Learning, edited by
Mark L. Wolraich. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1987. Succinctly
and clearly describes autism, including its definition, incidence,
etiologies and pathophysiologies, assessment and findings, and management.
Also included are 133 useful references. Although technically written,
the article is nevertheless very useful to the beginning reader.
view.” Journal of Psychology 130 (1996): 145-158. Covers the symptoms and
potential causes of autism.
Sundberg, Mark L., and James W. Partington. Teaching Language to Children
with Autism or Other Developmental Disabilities. Pleasant Hill, Calif.: Behavior
Analysts, 1998. Gives technical guidelines on applied behavior analysis
techniques used to teach the different components of language in a
skill-based intervention.
Van Bourgondien, Mary E., Gary B. Mesibov, and Geraldine Dawson. “Pervasive
Developmental Disorders: Autism.” In The Practical Assessment and
Management of Children with Disorders of Development and Learning, edited by
Mark L. Wolraich. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1987. Succinctly
and clearly describes autism, including its definition, incidence,
etiologies and pathophysiologies, assessment and findings, and management.
Also included are 133 useful references. Although technically written,
the article is nevertheless very useful to the beginning reader.
potential causes of autism.
Sundberg, Mark L., and James W. Partington. Teaching Language to Children
with Autism or Other Developmental Disabilities. Pleasant Hill, Calif.: Behavior
Analysts, 1998. Gives technical guidelines on applied behavior analysis
techniques used to teach the different components of language in a
skill-based intervention.
Van Bourgondien, Mary E., Gary B. Mesibov, and Geraldine Dawson. “Pervasive
Developmental Disorders: Autism.” In The Practical Assessment and
Management of Children with Disorders of Development and Learning, edited by
Mark L. Wolraich. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1987. Succinctly
and clearly describes autism, including its definition, incidence,
etiologies and pathophysiologies, assessment and findings, and management.
Also included are 133 useful references. Although technically written,
the article is nevertheless very useful to the beginning reader.
with Autism or Other Developmental Disabilities. Pleasant Hill, Calif.: Behavior
Analysts, 1998. Gives technical guidelines on applied behavior analysis
techniques used to teach the different components of language in a
skill-based intervention.
Van Bourgondien, Mary E., Gary B. Mesibov, and Geraldine Dawson. “Pervasive
Developmental Disorders: Autism.” In The Practical Assessment and
Management of Children with Disorders of Development and Learning, edited by
Mark L. Wolraich. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1987. Succinctly
and clearly describes autism, including its definition, incidence,
etiologies and pathophysiologies, assessment and findings, and management.
Also included are 133 useful references. Although technically written,
the article is nevertheless very useful to the beginning reader.
Analysts, 1998. Gives technical guidelines on applied behavior analysis
techniques used to teach the different components of language in a
skill-based intervention.
Van Bourgondien, Mary E., Gary B. Mesibov, and Geraldine Dawson. “Pervasive
Developmental Disorders: Autism.” In The Practical Assessment and
Management of Children with Disorders of Development and Learning, edited by
Mark L. Wolraich. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1987. Succinctly
and clearly describes autism, including its definition, incidence,
etiologies and pathophysiologies, assessment and findings, and management.
Also included are 133 useful references. Although technically written,
the article is nevertheless very useful to the beginning reader.
Management of Children with Disorders of Development and Learning, edited by
Mark L. Wolraich. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1987. Succinctly
and clearly describes autism, including its definition, incidence,
etiologies and pathophysiologies, assessment and findings, and management.
Also included are 133 useful references. Although technically written,
the article is nevertheless very useful to the beginning reader.
Mark L. Wolraich. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1987. Succinctly
and clearly describes autism, including its definition, incidence,
etiologies and pathophysiologies, assessment and findings, and management.
Also included are 133 useful references. Although technically written,
the article is nevertheless very useful to the beginning reader.
Sanford S. Singer; updated by April Michele Williams
See also: Abnormality: Psychological Models; Language; Schizophrenia:
Background, Types, and Symptoms; Schizophrenia: Theoretical Explanations.
Abnormality: Psychological Models; Language; Schizophrenia:
Background, Types, and Symptoms; Schizophrenia: Theoretical Explanations.
ple of all ages. Instrumental here has been the development of the National
Society for Autistic Children, which has focused some of its efforts on dealing
with autistic adolescents and adults.
Combined therapy, biological intervention, and educational techniques
have helped autistic persons and their families to cope, have decreased behavior
problems in autists, have enhanced the scholastic function of a number
of these people, and have produced hope for autistic adults, once nearly
all institutionalized.
Sources for Further Study
Herin, L. Juane, and Richard L. Simpson. “Interventions for Children and
Youth with Autism: Prudent Choices in a World of Exaggerated Claims
and Empty Promises. Part I: Intervention and Treatment Option Review.”
Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 13 (1998): 194-211.
Covers the specific interventions from the psychodynamic, biological,
and behavioral categories and gives an overview of the research support
for each.
Kalat, James W. Biological Psychology. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004. A basic text that explains the role of physiological factors
in behavior.
Kaye, James A., Maria del Mar Melero-Montes, and Hershel Jick. “Mumps,
Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by
General Practitioners: A Time-Trend Analysis.” British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
13 (1998): 194-211.
Covers the specific interventions from the psychodynamic, biological,
and behavioral categories and gives an overview of the research support
for each.
Kalat, James W. Biological Psychology. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004. A basic text that explains the role of physiological factors
in behavior.
Kaye, James A., Maria del Mar Melero-Montes, and Hershel Jick. “Mumps,
Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by
General Practitioners: A Time-Trend Analysis.” British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Biological Psychology. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004. A basic text that explains the role of physiological factors
in behavior.
Kaye, James A., Maria del Mar Melero-Montes, and Hershel Jick. “Mumps,
Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by
General Practitioners: A Time-Trend Analysis.” British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental Medicine 10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
10 (2000): 271-280. Describes an experiment
to measure the effectiveness of secretin injections for alleviating the
symptoms of autism.
Lovaas, Ivar, and Tristam Smith. “Intensive Behavioral Treatment for Young
Autistic Children.” In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, edited by B. B.
Lahey and A. E. Kazdin. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. A detailed description
of ABA therapy and specific research findings relating to the
topic.
Maurice, Catherine, Gina Green, and Stephen C. Luce, eds. Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Behavioral Intervention
for Young Children with Autism: A Manual for Parents and Professionals.
Austin, Tex.: Pro-Ed, 1996. Edited by the mother of two children
who were diagnosed with autism and successfully treated with behavior
therapy, it provides clear guidance for parents embarking on a search for
effective treatment methods for their children and the professionals who
are helping them. Included is information on the effectiveness of various
treatments, funding behavior therapy, working with educators and other
professionals, and what is involved in behavior therapy.
Murray, John B. “Psychophysiological Aspects of Autistic Disorders: Over
Sources for Further Study
Sources for Further Study
Herin, L. Juane, and Richard L. Simpson. “Interventions for Children and
Youth with Autism: Prudent Choices in a World of Exaggerated Claims
and Empty Promises. Part I: Intervention and Treatment Option Review.”
Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 13 (1998): 194-211.
Covers the specific interventions from the psychodynamic, biological,
and behavioral categories and gives an overview of the research support
for each.
Kalat, James W. Biological Psychology. 8th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004. A basic text that explains the role of physiological factors
in behavior.
Kaye, James A., Maria del Mar Melero-Montes, and Hershel Jick. “Mumps,
Measles, and Rubella Vaccine and the Incidence of Autism Recorded by
General Practitioners: A Time-Trend Analysis.” British Medical Journal 322
(2001): 460-463. Describes evidence refuting the hypothesis that the
MMR vaccination causes autism.
Lonsdale, Derrick, and Raymond J. Shamberger. “A Clinical Study of Secretin
in Autism and Pervasive Developmental Delay.” Journal of Nutritional
and Environmental
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